This research paper analyzes the notion of identity and agency of women in Victorian and Modern English novels and will focus on the drastic change in the literature depictions of women, in both periods. The literature of the Victorian era, being a product of patriarchal ideology and severe social norms, mostly portrays women as morally perfect but socially constrained personalities, whose identity is determined by life in the family, marriage, and motherhood, but their agency is restricted, indirect and manifests itself through endurance of hardship and restraint of virtue. But authors like Charlotte Brontene and George Eliot bring out the early forms of resistance and self-consciousness that hints to the development of feminist consciousness within the limiting social structures. Modern English novels inspired by feminist thinking and modernist narrative methods, in turn, lead to women as psychologically complex and independent people with fluid and evolving identities that are created through inner consciousness, memory, and subjective experience. In such writings as those by Virginia Woolf or Doris Lessing, female agency is stressed as both active, reflective, and transformative so that women can challenge the norms of society and reinvent themselves beyond the constraints of patriarchy. In a comparative feminist literary study, this paper illustrates that the transformation of the Victorian to the modern fiction is an extension of the cultural and ideological change between enforced identity as outward and as internally constructed self as an inward identity and agency through the use of literature to explore and redefine the identity and agency of women.